Advantage Of Star Topology

Advantage Of Star Topology Star Topology: In a typical star topology, all computers/ stations are connected to a central device, usually a switch. They are connected to this central device via cable segments. Such cable segments are Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair, as well as, fibre optic cabling. http://www.inetdaemon.com/img/topology_star.gif Advantage of star topology: With the star topology, if one cable of device goes down, the rest of the network is not affected (fault tolerance). Disadvantage of star topology: However, because management of communication is centralized, if the main switch or hub goes down the whole network goes down. Extended Star Topology: As the name implies, it is a bit more advanced than the typical star topology. In this topology, there is also a central device, usually a switch, in the middle of the network. However, instead of computers being directly connected to this central switch, other switches or hubs are connected to its ports. Computers and other peripherals are then connected to these switches or hubs, forming other stars; hence an extended star is the final result. http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:O2WYXsb8K_NPNM:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ro/b/b5/Extended_star_topology.png Advantage of extended star topology: As a result of there being a central switch, it is easy to locate and troubleshoot any problematic areas. Disadvantage of extended star topology: Again, because of the use of the centralized switch, once the switch goes down it creates problems for the entire network. Ring Topology: In this particular network topology, each computer/ station is directly connected to the next one in line and ends at the very first computer/ station, resulting in a circular formation/ arrangement of the cables. Each computer has the responsibility of retransmitting communication messages. The communication messages all travel in one direction and as a result of having no end in the circular formation, there is no real need for termination. http://www.inetdaemon.com/img/topology_ring.gif Advantage of ring topology: Due to the topologys structure, there is no need for terminators. Disadvantage of ring topology: Any break or fault in the cable can disrupt communications. Bus/ Linear-Bus Topology: This structure utilizes a single cable segment which connects all the computers in a single straight line. All computers in this topology share this single cable segment and as a result a terminator is needed. This is due to the fact that the signals need to be absorbed as they reach the end of the bus in order to free the network for fresh and newer communications. http://www.inetdaemon.com/img/topology_bus.png Advantage of bus topology: This is an inexpensive topology to install. Disadvantage of bus topology: With all the devices sharing the same backbone cable, communication speeds are lowered. Tree Topology: Logically, this is an extension to the less complex bus topology. www.networkdictionary.com states that The transmission medium is a branching cable with no closed loops. The tree layout begins at a point called the head-end, where one or more cables start, and each of these may have branches. The branches in turn may have additional branches to allow quite complex layouts. It is often referred to as the star- bus topology. Available from: www.networkdictionary.com/networking/lanat.php [Date accessed: October 24th 2009] graphics/04fig11.gif Advantage of tree topology: This topology allows point to point wiring for individual sectors. Disadvantage of tree topology: A break in the main backbone cable will affect the entire network. Mesh Topology: In the mesh topology, each device in a network is connected to every other device in the particular network. The mesh topology is typically used to connect several LANs together to create a WAN (it is more WAN based technology) e.g. the internet is a perfect example of a mesh topology. http://www.google.tt/images?q=tbn:MKaJ7Z8cc3BUJM::www.erealmedia.com/cms102/uploads/NetworkingPrinciples/Chapter1/1_23_MeshTopology.jpgt=1h=196w=176usg=__QGrcgQACaPCnhXDPW-hE9X5a-Rw= Advantage of mesh topology: Due to the fact that all devices are interconnected to each other, there are various alternate routes, which improve fault tolerance. Disadvantage of mesh topology: Managing and troubleshooting this architecture is very difficult, complex and expensive. 1.2.0 Advantages and Disadvantages of LAN media The media used in a typical LAN (Local Area Network) are Coaxial cables, Twisted-pair cables (Unshielded and shielded twisted pair) and Fibre Optic cables. 1.2.1 Advantages of Coaxial cables: Appropriate for Broadband system: Coaxial cables possess adequate ranges of frequency that can support several network channels and as a result of such capability, allows for much greater throughput. Better bandwidth: Compared to twisted pair cables, coaxial offers a better bandwidth system wide, as well as, better bandwidth for each network channel. As a result of this, there is support for a diverse range of service. Network functionalities such as data, voice, video and even multimedia can profit from the improved capacity. An even better spacing between amplifiers: Due to the cable shielding possessed by coaxial, there is a reduction in noise and crosstalk, thereby allowing amplifiers to be spaced farther apart. Lower error rate: Noise resistance is enhanced because the inner conductor is in a wire mesh and coaxial has lesser error rates. Better channel capacity: Extensive capacity is offered from each of the several channels. Disadvantages of Coaxial cables: Installation can be expensive Prone to damage from lightning strikes: People residing in areas, in which lightning strikes frequently occur, must be cautious. If the lightning is conducted by a coaxial, chances are that the equipment connected to the end of that particular coaxial, may be fried. Noise: The path of return has noise exertion and the end apparatus requires additional aptitude to deal with error control. Deployment architecture problems: The bus topology in which the coaxial is set up is vulnerable to noise, clogging and security can be jeopardized. Bidirectional (two-way) upgrade is required: In countries where there is a history of cable television, these systems are designed and built for broadcasting, not interactive communications. For a service provider to offer a subscriber any form of two-way communication services, the current network system needs to be upgraded to a Bidirectional system. 1.2.2 Advantages of Twisted pair cables: The cost of installing twisted pair on site is low High availability: Billions telephone subscriber lines established on twisted-pair have been set up and because it is already in the ground, the telecommunication companies will use it. Low cost for local moves, additions and changes in places: Individuals can swap twisted-pair terminating in a modular plug with another jack. This can be done without a service technician, given that the wiring is already in place. Disadvantages of Twisted pair cables: Frequency spectrum is limited: The total serviceable frequency spectrum of is about 1MHz. High error rates: It is extremely susceptible to interferences in signal communications, caused by EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) or RFI (Radio Frequency Interference). Data rates are limited: The longer the distance the signal travels over cable, the lower the data rate will be. At 30 feet (100m), twisted-pair is capable of carrying 100Mbps. At 3.5 miles (5.5km), the data rate can drop to 2Mbps or possibly less. Short distances are required between repeaters. 1.2.3 Advantages of Fibre Optic cables: Fibre optic cables have higher bandwidth compared to other mediums. It is impossible to tap into fibre optic cables. This makes them much more secure compared to other mediums. One can add equipment to provide extra capability over a fibre without having to change it. No electricity passes through the cables what so ever, and as a result they do not conduct lightning strikes They are light weight Disadvantages of Fibre Optic cables: They are more fragile compared to other mediums. Installation of the cables is quite expensive. Termination of fibre optic cables is quite complex and requires special tools 1.3.0 Recommendation After much investigation of the various LAN topologies and media, I have gathered comprehensive information and have come to a conclusion which topology and media type should be used. With respects to the LAN topology, I strongly recommend that the extended star topology be implemented. The extended star offers fault tolerance in that, if failure in one cable or device occurs, it doesnt pose as a threat to the rest of the network. If at all there are problems with particular cables or devices, the task of locating them is quite easy. Management is centralized due to the use of the centralized switch and it is easy to add devices as the network expands. Also, it can be upgraded for faster speeds and better performance, not to mention that it is the most widely used, so much support is available. Such a LAN topology proves to be quite costly but with all its benefits it is worth the expense. With regards to network media, if the extended star LAN topology is to be in use, the unshielded twisted-pair cables are a suitable medium. The installation costs are low and in addition, any changes or additions are cheaper compared to other media types. Furthermore, telecommunication companies will use subscriber lines that already exist, so there is no need for additional costs of running lines. Bibliography K. Wilson Jarrett and L. Goleniewski, (Oct. 12th, 2007), Traditional Transmission Media for Networking and Telecommunications. (Coaxial Cable) www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=683070seqNum=2# [Date accessed: October 24th 2009] K. Wilson Jarrett and L. Goleniewski, (Oct. 12th, 2007), Traditional Transmission Media for Networking and Telecommunications. (Twisted-Pair) http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=683070 [Date accessed: October 24th 2009] K. Wilson Jarrett and L. Goleniewski, (Oct. 12th, 2007), Traditional Transmission Media for Networking and Telecommunications. (Fibre Optics) http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=683070seqNum=5 [Date accessed: October 24th 2009] Network Dictionary, (2004-2010), LAN Architectures and Topologies: Bus, Star, Ring and Tree. www.networkdictionary.com/networking/lanat.php [Date accessed: October 24th 2009] Task 2 a) 2.1.0 Internet services required 2.1.1 E mail: The abbreviation for electronic mail; this is a system of exchanging information/ messages digitally via the internet. 2.1.2 Voice/VoIP: The abbreviation for Voice Over internet Protocol; this is a system used in telecommunications for the transmission of voice traffic/phone calls over any network based on IP (Internet Protocol) e.g. the internet. 2.1.3 FTP: The abbreviation for File Transfer Protocol; this is the TCP/IP standard used for the transferring of files from one computer to another. 2.1.4 TELNET: This is the TCP/IP standard used for remote terminal services. It allows users at one site to transparently interact with a remote system or network at another site, whilst appearing as a local terminal. 2.1.5 Video communication: J. Wilcox Pg.3 states, Video communication is real-time exchange of digitized video images and sounds between conference participants at two or more separate sites. 2.2.0 Required connection speeds 2.3.1 With regards to Audio and Data communication, 64 Kbits/s is sufficient enough for use of this service. In the case of Video communication, bandwidth of 2Mbits/s or more may be required for proper transmission. Furthermore, www.whichvoip.com states VoIP requires anywhere from about 24Kbits/s to about 90Kbits/s. Overall, once serviced with an appropriate broadband package, these requirements will be addressed. Available from: http://www.whichvoip.com/voip/speed_test/ppspeed.html [Date accessed: October 27th 2009] 2.3.0 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) In Trinidad, there are various internet service providers from which one can subscribe for broadband services. Blink, Flow, and Lisa Communications are such ISPs. 2.3.1 Blink Packages 2.3.2 Flow Packages 2.3.3 Lisa communications 2.4.0 Recommendation After investigations on ISPs in Trinidad regarding their services and prices offered, I have seen favourable packages with one particular ISP, Flow. Flow offers its customers bandwidth speeds ranging from 512k/1Mbps to 3Mbps/9Mbps. Also they provide free static IP addresses and email addresses, and the number of IP email addresses one receives depends on the package one chooses. The packages are as follows:

Prison Violence Essay

Incarceration rates rose to unprecedented levels in the history of the U.S.’s imprisonment. Therefore, concern about social control of the incarcerated, that is, prisoners’ behavior, has increased. High inmate disciplinary infractions, especially violent infractions, are a threat to the safety of prison, of correctional staff, and of other inmates. Nevertheless, the issue of discipline in prison is important from an economic perspective, because an estimated average cost per infraction at a medium security prison is $970 (Jiang & Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). For these reasons, Jiang & Fisher- Giorlando conducted a research to help explain violent incidents, incidents against correctional staff and incidents against other inmates in prison. Identifying the risk factors of inmates to commit violent acts of misconduct is of great importance to prison administration. This type of research can assist in the classification process of inmates entering institutions as well as the o ngoing classification adjustments of inmates already in custody. This study will identify and investigate factors for violent institutional misconduct. These factors include; however, are not limited to race, age, education and employment, family ties, length of sentence, security level, prison environment and gender. The hypotheses of this study are: 1. Violent prison misconduct is more prevalent among African-American and Hispanic inmates than Caucasians or any other ethnic group. 2. Inmates who are residing in maximum-security facilities are more violent than inmates residing in medium or minimum-security facilities, especially towards correctional staff. Literature Review Race Several studies were conducted to examine the role of race in inmate adjustment process and prison misconduct, especially prison violence. There were indications that there is a direct relationship between race and violent prison misconduct. Those findings support theories such as prison adjustment and subculture of violence, which say that minority groups have higher rates of violence in prison society than white inmates (DeLisi et al., 2004; Griffin & Hepburn, 2006; Gillespie, W., 2005; Jiang & Fisher-Giorlando, 2002; Steiner & Wooldredge, 2009). According to Wayne Gillespie (2005), Caucasian inmates appear less likely to engage in most types of misconduct compared to African American and Hispanic inmates. Blacks are more likely than Whites to evoke protective violent responses to perceived dangerous situations or threats of physical injury by aggressive, violent behavior aimed at protecting self or preventing retaliation (Gillespie, W., 2005). Age Age and prison violence had an inverse relationship. The older inmates were, the less likely they were to be involved in violent prison misconduct. Younger inmates were significantly more likely to be involved in violent prison misconduct. This relationship was widespread throughout all the studies (Cunningham & Sorensen, 2007; DeLisi et al., 2004; Griffin & Hepburn, 2006; Jiang & Fisher-Giorlando, 2005; Ruddell et al., 2006; Sorensen & Cunningham, 2008). Education and Employment Research shows an inverse relationship between level of education and rates of prison misconduct. As level of education increased, involvement in violent prison misconduct decreased (Cunningham & Sorensen, 2007; DeLisi et al., 2004; Wooldredge et al., 2001). As stated by Wooldredge, Griffin, and Pratt (2001), inmates who were employed prior to incarceration were less likely to be involved in violent prison misconduct. This group was more invested in conforming because they had more to lose. Inmates who worked prior incarceration were more likely than other inmates to be concerned with going home and continuing employment. Family Ties Social and family support was inversely related to violent prison misconduct (Cunningham & Sorensen, 2007; DeLisi et al., 2004; Jiang & Fisher-Giorlando, 2005; Wooldredge et al., 2001). Inmates with less social and familial support committed significantly more acts of serious prison violence (DeLisi et al., 2004). Moreover, inmates who made and received more telephone calls from children were less likely to commit violent rule violations (Jiang, Fisher-Giorlando & Mo, 2005). According to Jiang and colleagues (2005) inmates with strong family ties had more to lose if they were involved in violent prison misconduct. Sources of family support included mail, telephone calls, and visitations. Rule violations could result in loss of visiting privileges, which is a strong source of strengthening family ties. Length of Sentence The relationship between length of current sentence that inmates are serving and violent prison misconduct is debatable. Inmates with shorter sentences were more likely to commit violent acts. Short term sentenced inmates were usually younger and they still possessed a street mentality. Inmates with longer sentences were usually older and appeared to better understand the need to co-exist with other inmates as well as correctional staff (Wooldredge et al., 2001). Security Level Several studies showed that security level is a predictor of rule violation (Camp et al., 2003; Jiang & Fisher-Giorlando, 2002; Steiner & Wooldredge, 2008). To be more specific, inmates residing in working cell-blocks and dormitories are less likely than are those in lock-down cell-blocks to commit violence and incidents against correctional staff (Jiang & Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). Prison Environment Prison environment exerts an influence on inmate misconduct, especially interpersonal violence (Blackburn et al., 2007; Camp et al., 2003; Steiner & Wooldredge, 2008). Research conducted by Camp et al., (2003) indicated that prison’s organizational factors influenced inmates’ behavior that led to violent misconduct. Furthermore, institutions with inexperienced staff had greater report numbers of inmate misconduct. Moreover, prison crowding, as one of the ecological factors, influenced inmate behavior because it produces intermediate psychological states, such as depression that then lead to misconduct (Camp et al., 2003). Gender Previous studies showed that gender was inversely related to violent prison misconduct (Blackburn et al., 2007; Camp et al., 2003; Wolff et al., 2009). Male inmates reported higher percentage of physical victimization perpetrated by staff, although percentage of inmate on inmate physical victimization was equal for male and female inmates (Wolff et al., 2009). This suggests gender-patterned interactions between inmate and staff in which male inmates compared to female inmates are more aggressive against authority figures. In summary, what is known from the literature reviewed is that some factors might influence inmates’ behavior. What is missing is the correlation between those factors and prison violent misconduct, which is addressed by my study. Key variables identified in the reviewed literature are race, age, education and employment, family ties, length of sentence, security level and prison environment, which are incorporated into the study’s methodology as surve y and focus group questions. Theoretical Review To explain inmate behavior in prison three major theoretical models have been proposed. They are the deprivation, importation, and situational models. A true explanation of violent inmate misconduct lies in a combination of those three theories. However, the importation model can be use as the most legitimate singular explanation of violent prison misconduct. The main focus of an importation model is on the influence of pre- prison socialization and experience of the inmate on his/her behavior while being incarcerated (Jiang & Fisher- Giorlando, 2002). According to Jiang & Fisher- Giorlando (2002) inmates’ behavior can be largely determine by their distinctive traits and social backgrounds. The importation model is a reflection of a pre- prison norms and beliefs system of an inmate rather than a result of incarceration in a facility (Irvin & Cressey, 1962; as cited in Jiang & Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). As importation model implies inmate behavior while being behind the bars is an extension of the antisocial behaviors that criminal offenders developed in the community (DeLisi et al., 2004). Research Design The research design that I used was the analysis of an existing database. I downloaded and analyzed an existing data source from the National Archives of Criminal Justice Data, which can be found at www.ICPSR.org. The data source that I downloaded and analyzed has number 24642 and the title of it is Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities. The principle investigator of this study is United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, and the time period is January 1st, 2005 to December 30th, 2005. I chose this dataset because it contains the information needed to do my study on prison violence misconduct. The 2005 Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities is the seventh enumeration of State institutions and the fourth of Federal institutions sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics and its predecessors. Earlier censuses were completed in 1974, 1979, 1984, 1990, 1995 and 2000. The facility universe was developed from the Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities conducted in 2000. In 2000, data were collected from 84 federal facilities and 1,584 non-federal facilities operating on June 30th, 2000. In 2005, each State’s Department of Corrections was contacted to identify new facilities and facilities that had been closed since June 2000. Telephone follow-ups were carried out during 2006. All but one respondent-State of Illinois- participated in the Census.My study determines if in a time period between January 1st, 2005 and December 30th, 2005, the correctional facilities used in existing dataset 24642 experienced physical or sexual assaults, misconduct against correctional staff and misconduct against other inmates. The response options for dependent variables have values such as: 1 which is label Yes, 2 which is label No, and 9 or 999 which is label Missing. This study aims to determine if independent variables such as race, age, education and employment, family ties, length of sentence, security level, prison environment and gender have a strong correlation with the dependent variables. Data Analysis For my analyses, I used SPSS Statistics program in version 18.0. I ran frequencies and descriptive tests on both dependent and independent variables. Moreover, I ran ANOVA and t-test to test how facility security levels and race/ethnicity of the inmates impact or don’t the amount of violence. Results Table 1: Age of the inmates residing in the facilities during the 1- year period of 2005 (Independent Variable). |Descriptive Statistics | | | | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Yes |475 |26.1 |28.6 | As seen in Table 2, during the 1-year period of 2005, 28.6 percent of facilities indicated that yes, there were physical or sexual assaults. The other 71.4 percent indicated that there were no physical or sexual assaults. As seen below in Table 3, during the same year period there was an average of just under 16 inmate-on-inmate assaults at facilities. I also ran a frequency table of staff deaths by inmates, but there were very few. Table 3: During the 1- year period of 2005 how many inmate on inmates assaults (Dependent Variable). | | | | | |N |Minimum |Maximum |Mean | | | | | | | |Y1_BETWEEN 1/1/2005 AND 12/30/2005 WERE THERE PHYSICAL OR SEXUAL ASSAULTS | The results in the above tables test my hypothesis about how facility security levels impact (or don’t) the amount of violence, using three different measures of the dependent variable: physical or sexual assaults; inmate deaths; and inmate-on-inmate assaults. I ran three ANOVA (analysis of variance) tests, and the results are shown above. Only the ANOVA tests for Y1 and Y3 were statistically significant. There was no difference by security level in the number of staff deaths by inmates, probably because those were low to begin with. However, in terms of physical and sexual assaults (Y1), these were highest at minimum and low-security facilities (mean =1.91). In terms of inmate-on-inmate assaults, these were highest Maximum/close/high facilities, with an average of nearly 34 assaults by inmates on other inmates in 2005. Table 7: Type of Violence by Race/Ethnicity | | |Y1_BETWEEN 1/1/2005 |Y3_BETWEEN 1/1/2005 | | | |AND 12/30/2005 WERE |AND 12/30/2005 HOW | | | |THERE PHYSICAL OR |MANY INMATE ON | | | |SEXUAL ASSAULTS |INMATES ASSAULTS | |X1_race_white |Pearson Correlation |-.391(**) |.341(**) | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |.000 |.000 | | |N |1631 |1665 | |X1_race_black |Pearson Correlation |-.453(**) |.392(**) | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |.000 |.000 | | |N |1625 |1657 | |X1_race_ethnicity_Hispanic |Pearson Correlation |-.290(**) |.202(**) | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |.000 |.000 | | |N |1450 |1479 | ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). As seen above in Table 7, both White and Black race, as well as Hispanic ethnicity, were statistically significantly related to dependent variables Y1 and Y3. Y2 is not shown in the table format because neither race nor ethnicity was related to staff deaths by inmates. Again, this may be due to the small number of staff deaths. An odd pattern emerges: Y1 (number of physical and sexual assaults) was significantly and negatively related to all three race/ethnicity variables. On the other hand, Y3 (number of inmate-on-inmate assaults) was positively and significantly related to all three race/ethnicity variables. The reasons for this are not clear, but may have something to do with the meaning of the questions asked for Y1 and Y3. As for the size of the correlation coefficient, it is the highest for Blacks (r= -.453 and .392), next highest for Whites (r= -.391 and .341), and lowest for Hispanics (r= -.29 and .202). Discussion To return to my first original hypothesis that violent prison misconduct is more prevalent among African-American and Hispanic inmates than Caucasians or any other ethnic group I have to say that my findings only partially support that statement. According to my results violence among or by African- American inmates appears to be the highest, and is followed by violence among or by White inmates. However, violence by or among Hispanic inmates is the lowest comparing it to violence among or by other races. Moreover, my findings on the impact of security level of facility on prison violence were not exactly what I expected because they differ depending on a type of an assault. Therefore, they partially support my second hypothesis that inmates who are residing in maximum-security facilities are more violent than inmates residing in medium or minimum-security facilities, especially towards correctional staff. I found that counter to what I expected, super-maximum facilities are not the most dangerous correctional institutions but they have the highest inmate on inmate number of assaults. Findings from this study about how race impact prison violence partially support what I have found previously in the literature review. According to Wayne Gillespie (2005) and my findings White inmates less likely engage in most types of misconduct compared to African-American inmates but not Hispanic inmates. However, my results on the impact of security level of facility and prison violence are interesting because they do support the findings mentioned in the literature review. All the findings suggest that security level does affect the amount of in-facility violence, but that differs by the type of violence. Limitation of the Study While conducting my research by using existing database I had to face a few problems with it. First of all, the database I found had a lot of variables, which had a value that was missing. Second of all, when I ran the tests such as descriptive or frequencies it was hard to describe the results because they were confusing. I wasn’t sure in some cases if the results showed me the number of inmates or the number of facilities. I tried to go back and find the answers in the codebook, which didn’t really contain much more information than the database. Moreover, the meaning of the questions that were asked, especially for dependent variables, wasn’t clear and I believe it impacted somehow the results of the tests I ran. References Blackburn, A. G., Mullings, J. L., Marquart, J. W., & Trulson, C. R. (2007). The next generation of prisoners: Toward an understanding of violent institutionalized delinquents. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 5(1), 35-56. Document ID: 1541204006295156. Camp, S. D., Gaes, G. G., Langan, N. P., & Saylor, W. G. (2003). The influence of prisons on inmate misconduct: A multilevel investigation. Justice Quarterly, JQ, 20(3), 501-533. Document ID: 434413761. Cunningham, M. D., & Sorensen, J. R. (2007). Predictive factors for violent misconduct in close custody. The Prison Journal, 87(2), 241-253. Document ID: 0032885507303752. DeLisi, M., Berg, M. T., & Hochstetler, A. (2004). Gang members, career criminals and prison violence: Further specification of the importation model of inmate behavior. Criminal Justice Studies, 17(4), 369-383. Document ID: 10.1080/1478601042000314883. Gillespie Wayne, (2005). Racial differences in violence and self-esteem among prison inmates. American Journal of Criminal Justice: AJCJ, 29(2), 161-V. Document ID: 972985931. Griffin, M. L., & Hepburn, J. R. (2006). The effects of gang affiliation on violent misconduct among inmates during the early years of confinement. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33(4), 419-448. Document ID: 0093854806288038. Irvin, J., & Cressey, D. (1962). Thieves, convicts, and the inmate culture. Social Problems, 10, 142-155. Jiang, S., & Fisher-Giorlando, M. (2002). Inmate misconduct: A test of the deprivation, importation, and situational models. The Prison Journal, 82(3), 335-358. Document ID: 003288550208200303. Jiang, S., Fisher-Giorlando, M., & Mo, L. (2005). Social support and inmate rule violation: A multilevel analysis. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 30(1), 71-89. Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com Ruddell, R., Decker, S. H., & Egley Jr., A. (2006). Gang intervention in jails: A national analysis. Criminal Justice Review, 31(1), 33-46. Document ID: 0734016806288263. Sorensen, J., & Cunningham, M.D. (2008). Conviction offense and prison violence: A comparative study of murderers and other offenders. Crime and Delinquency, 56(1), 103-125. Document ID: 0011128707307175. Steiner, B., & Wooldredge, J. (2008). Inmate versus environmental effects on prison rule violations. Criminal Justice and Behavioral, 35(4), 438. Document ID: 1455568521. Wolff, N., Shi, J., & Siegel, J. (2009). Patterns o f victimization among male and female inmates: Evidence of an Enduring Legacy. Violence and Victims, 24(4), 469-84. Document ID: 1825737261. Wooldredge, J., Griffin, T., & Pratt, T. (2001). Considering hierarchical models for research on inmate behavior: Predicting misconduct with multilevel data. Justice Quarterly, 18(1), 203-231. Retrieved from http:// proquest.umi.com

An Analysis Of Christopher Columbus And The Native...

This analysis will take a look at the works of three early American writers and how each of their arguments were conceived to match their individual viewpoints. The three writings we will be taking a look at examine how each author in said writings develops an argument based on the text. We will also be examine how each author’s argument is a reflection on Early American culture. We will be reflecting on writings of Benjamin Franklin, Christopher Columbus, and The Native Narrative. Each have a unique perspective on the newly formed American culture and solid arguments to push these ideals. The Native American Narrative on Disease and Medicine is a story of how nature fought back against the humans. That with the rise of human activity in the form of hunting and excessive abuse of the land led to nature revolting against man for his wicked ways. Different animal groups would bind together to speak on their grievances with the humans. First came the Bears who would convene, then the deer, next the fishes and reptiles and finally came the Birds, insects and smaller animals. Each council determined ways of forced payback against the humans and worked in coalition with the other animals groups. This is how diseases formed and would soon ravage the local human populace. Redemption for the humans came in the form of the plants who had friendly relations with the humans. The plants would combine together to reverse the wicked design of the animals by using their natural abilitiesShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesspan we call the twentieth century, no matter how it is temporally delineated. Never before in history, for example, had so many humans enjoyed such high standards of living, and never had so many been so impoverished or died of malnutrition and disease. If the period from the 1870s is included in a long twentieth century (and perhaps even if it is not), migration served as a mode of escape from oppression and poverty and, in many instances, as an avenue toward advancement for an unprecedentedRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesCould cholera be that different 5 from Giardia, you wonder. Thinking about all this you conclude it is likely that boiling will do the trick. So, Juanita’s worry about the danger of getting a bad disease such as Giardia is more than offset by the low probability of actually getting the disease if you boil the water. So, you recommend that your group stay in the mountains, boil the water and drink it after it cools. Thats how you have made your own decision. Is it a reasonable one? Yes, becauseRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesmost of the fastest-growing occupations percentagewise are related to information technology or health care. The increase in the technology jobs is due to the rapid increase in the use of information technology, such as databases, system design and analysis, and desktop publishing. The health care jobs are growing as a result of the aging of the U.S. population and workforce, a factor discussed later. Chapter 1 Changing Nature of Human Resource Management 5 FIGURE 1—1 The 10 Occupations withRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:

The Prevalence Of Stressors And Anxiety Disorders

Introduction Stress and anxiety affect a large segment of the child and adolescent population. Numerous stressors from a wide range of domains contribute to the current levels of subclinical anxiety and diagnosed anxiety disorders. Without effective coping strategies, the cumulative effect of these stressors can lead to the clinical diagnosis of one or more anxiety disorders. Left untreated, these disorders can carry severe long-term consequences, including social, cognitive, and academic impairments. Furthermore, these deficiencies can lead to significant limitations in adulthood, such as reduced career choices, substance abuse, and an increase in the use of both mental and physical health care. This paper will first review the prevalence of stressors and anxiety disorders, as well as the associated negative outcomes. It will then investigate the merits and limitations of several programs designed to treat and prevent anxiety disorders. Lastly, this article will discuss the FRIENDS for Life program, and a means of implementation. Background Significance Prevalence of Stressors and Anxiety Numerous studies have demonstrated the impact of stress on the lives of youth. Adolescents are exposed to a plethora of stressors that range from family discord (Omizo, Omizo, Suzuki, 1988) to peer relationships (Newcomb, Huba, Bentler, 1986; Patterson McCubbin, 1987) to economic hardships (Lempers, Clark-Lempers, Simon, 1989). However, the most frequently reported stressors stemShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Stress And Trauma On The Human Psyche1657 Words   |  7 Pagespsyche can lead to a diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in some adults and children (Barlow, 2014; Courtois Ford, 2013; Soloman Siegel, 2003; Yarhouse, Butman McRay, 2005). 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